Collected Anthropometric Data Research Articles

The association of major dietary patterns with odds and severity of anxiety disorders: a case–control study

ABSTRACT Background: In the present study, we explored the association between major dietary patterns, odds, and severity of anxiety disorders, which has not been clarified to date. Methods: This case–control study was conducted on 85 patients who were group-matched by gender with 170 healthy subjects. Dietary intakes were evaluated applying a 147-item validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Anthropometric data collection was accomplished based on precise clinical assessments. Major dietary patterns were identified using principal component analysis (PCA). Multivariate odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were used to investigate the association of the identified dietary patterns with anxiety disorders. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to evaluate the association between the GAD-7 score and major dietary pattern scores. Results: Three major dietary patterns were derived through PCA labeled as ‘healthy’, ‘Western’, and ‘Mixed’. Those in the top tertile of the healthy dietary pattern were less likely to have anxiety disorders (OR =   0.26; 95%CI: 0.10, 0.66), while no significant relationship was found between Western and mixed dietary patterns and the odds of anxiety disorders. The severity of anxiety disorders, assessed by the GAD-7 score, was reduced by higher adherence to healthy dietary pattern (P = 0.003), and increased by greater adherence to mixed (P = 0.002) and Western (P = 0.001) dietary patterns. Conclusion: We provided evidence demonstrating an inverse association of healthy dietary pattern with odds, and severity of anxiety disorders. Also, higher adherence to Western and mixed dietary patterns resulted in greater GAD-7 scores.

An analysis of indices and ratios in anthropometric body measurements among team sports athletes

Background: Physical indices and proportions based on anthropometry are crucial for determining the performance of players in team sports. The study aims to analyze the anthropometric status, body mass and shape indices, including waist-to-hip and height ratios, among athletes from different team sports.
 Methods: Study involved 135 male team-sport athletes specializing in basketball, handball, and volleyball, with 45 players in each sport. Researchers collected anthropometric data, including chronological age (CA), height (Ht), weight (Wt), body mass index (BMI), waist circumferences (WC) and hip circumferences (HC), waist-hip ratio (WHR), waist-height ratio (WHtR), and a body shape index (ABSI). To compare variables across groups, descriptive statistics and one-way ANOVA with LSD post-hoc tests used. Relationships within each group were examined using correlation analysis.
 Results: The ANOVA findings indicated f values (2, 132) for CA at 0.57, p=0.57, BMI at 0.59, p=0.56, WC at 2.10, p=0.13, WHR at 1.37, p=0.27, and ABSI at 1.41, p=0.25, respectively, revealing no significant disparities among the groups. Conversely, Ht at 13.36, p=0.00, Wt at 5.74, p=0.00, HC at 6.33, p=0.00, and WHtR at 3.60, p=0.03, respectively, highlighted significant variations between the groups. Furthermore, the correlation of BMI, WC, HC, WHR, WHtR, and ABSI in each group showed a strong positive correlation (p<0.01).
 Conclusions: Athletes in team sports were found to have similar body mass and shape indices, including ratios for WHR, while the WHtR ratio showed significant variations among the groups. Despite these differences, measures of athletes’ health metrics across these sports remain within safe, normal ranges.

Design, Simulation and Fabrication of an Ergonomic Handgrip for Public Transport in Bangladesh

Many individuals in Bangladesh prefer using private vehicles to avoid the discomfort of public transportation, causing significant congestion during rush hours. To ensure a pleasant journey in public transit, including safe and comfortable handgrips becomes crucial. This study adopts a comprehensive approach to alleviate the discomfort and hand fatigue experienced by public transport commuters in Bangladesh. Our research methodology thoroughly analyses existing handgrips with a diverse age group (11-50) and varied occupational backgrounds, ensuring inclusivity. Meticulously collected anthropometric data from previously published works incorporates the 95th percentiles to account for diverse hand sizes. Leveraging computer-aided design tools, we optimize the hand grip design based on ergonomic principles and hand anatomy. Our study fills a crucial gap by integrating locally derived anthropometric data. The resulting ergonomic hand grip, designed for the specific needs of Bangladeshi commuters, is poised for seamless integration into the public transport system, promising a substantial improvement in comfort and a more positive commuting experience.

The Enterics for Global Health (EFGH) Shigella Surveillance Study in Bangladesh.

Shigella is an important cause of diarrhea in Bangladeshi children <5 years of age, with an incidence rate of 4.6 per 100 person-years. However, the report was more than a decade old, and data on Shigella consequences are similarly outdated and heterogeneously collected. Facility-based disease surveillance is planned to be carried out under the Enterics for Global Health (EFGH) Shigella Surveillance Study consortium for 2 years with aims to optimize and standardize laboratory techniques and healthcare utilization and coverage survey, clinical and anthropometric data collection, safety monitoring and responsiveness, and other related activities. The EFGH is a cohesive network of multidisciplinary experts, capable of operating in concert to conduct the study to generate data that will pave the way for potential Shigella vaccine trials in settings with high disease burden. The study will be conducted within 7 country sites in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. We outline the features of the Bangladesh site as part of this multisite surveillance network to determine an updated incidence rate and document the consequences of Shigella diarrhea in children aged 6-35 months, which will help inform policymakers and to implement the future vaccine trials.

Biological assessment of the omega-3 status after omega-3 enriched dietary during an active seasonal performance on soccer players

BackgroundTo assess the physiological change of blood fatty acid composite during the seasonal performance of soccer players with omega-6/omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid balanced dietary supplementation.MethodsThis study included 20 healthy and trained male soccer players. During the study, data collection was performed three times (pre-, mid-, post-season). Anthropometric data collection and blood sampling for the assessment of the omega index were performed. The mid- and post-seasonal data were compared with baseline data collected before the starting season (pre-seasonal data).ResultsElevated levels of omega-3, HS-omega, and trans fatty acid were observed in both the mid- and post-seasonal data. During the season, the levels of omega-6/omega-3 and saturated fatty acid decreased, whereas there were no differences in total cholesterol, cholesterol LDL, HDL, BUN/Cr, HbA1c (NGSP), and cystatin C.Conclusionsn-3 PUFA-enriched dietary supplementation might alter blood omega-3 indices in soccer players during the season.

A comparative study of the effectiveness ofphotogrammetric versus manual anthropometric measurements.

The accurate measurement of the human body is essential when it comes to designing agricultural tools and equipment that can effectively accommodate and interact with individuals when performing a task. The traditional method for measuring an individual's body measurements is highly complex and requires two or more skilled individuals and reliable measurement tools. Finding a new approach that is speedier, more precise, and less expensive than current methods is therefore necessary. This study aims to develop an inexpensive novel photogrammetric anthropometric measurement setup that can extract the dimensions of an individual subject irrespective of their body shape. This study involved the creation of a setup comprising four cameras for a 360° photoshoot of human subjects to calibrate and test the developed measurement setup for capturing photos of human subjects and compare the results with manual measurements. Ten different body dimensions were measured using the setup. There was a significant correlation between the manual and photogrammetric measurement methods (0.943 <  r <  0.997). The highest absolute error recorded was 1.87% . The photogrammetric method for collecting anthropometric data is a reliable substitute for manual measurements across diverse populations. The results indicate that this low-cost approach is highly precise and reliable, with strong correlation to manual measurements. Multiview photogrammetry proves effective for individuals of various body shapes, making it a versatile option for data collection.

Ergonomic Evaluation of Speed Boat Passenger Seats in Derawan Island Using Anthropometric Data

This research aims to evaluate the ergonomics of passenger seating in speed boats used as a means of transportation in the Derawan Islands, Berau Regency, East Kalimantan. This evaluation was carried out by considering anthropometric data from the Indonesian people. Anthropometric data is used to design seats that suit the size and needs of passengers to increase passenger safety and comfort during travel. The research method involved collecting anthropometric data from Indonesian people of various ages and genders. This data is used as a basis for designing seating that suits variations in human body size. Ergonomic evaluation is carried out by considering parameters such as seat width, seat back, seat cushion width, seat height, and the distance between two seats. This research indicates that existing seating designs must meet the optimal criteria for passenger ergonomic needs. Therefore, recommendations for improving seating design are prepared based on the results of the ergonomic evaluation. This design improvement aims to increase passenger safety and comfort and reduce the risk of injury. This research contributes to developing more ergonomic seating designs for sea transportation, especially using speed boats in the Derawan Islands area. The results of the ergonomic evaluation and recommendations for improvements can be used by related parties to improve service quality and passenger safety in the Derawan Islands.

Hybrid machine learning approach for accurate and expeditious 3D scanning to enhance rapid prototyping reliability in orthotics using RSM-RSMOGA-MOGANN

Abstract This study aims to develop a multidisciplinary artificial hybrid machine learning (AHML) approach to reduce the scanning time (ST) of the human wrist and improve the accuracy of 3D scanning for anthropometric data collection. A systematic AHML approach was deployed to scan the human wrist distal end optimally using a portable SENSE 2.0 3D scanner. A central composite design (CCD) matrix was developed for three input variables; light intensity (LI = 12–20 W/m2), capture angle (CA = 10°–50°), and scanning distance (SD = 10–20 inches) for executing the experimental runs. For accuracy evaluation, the wrist perimeter on the distal end was checked using CREO Parametric software for wrist perimeter error (WPE). Various AHML tools were developed using: response surface methodology (RSM), multi-objective genetic algorithm RSM, and multi-objective genetic algorithm neural networking (MOGANN). The optimal process parameters recommended by the hybrid tools were experimentally validated for their prediction accuracy. The MOGANN approach combined with the Bayesian regularization algorithm (trainabr) provided the best mutual combination of optimal ST = 20.072 sec and WPE = 0.375 cm corresponding to LI = 12.001 W/m2, CA = 29.428°, and SD = 18.214 inch, with a significant percentage reduction of 55.83% in WPE. Executing 3D scanning of the human wrist over the optimized process parameters predicted by AHML tools will ensure the availability of precise scans for the rapid prototyping of customized orthotic devices in a reliable manner.

Somatotypes of East-Zone Indian Inter-University Kho-Kho Players

Background. Somatotyping in modern sports can be an important factor to be considered. Different studies have already taken the initial step to identify the sport-specific somatotypes for different games and sports. In contrast with the Kho-Kho game, some attempts have been made to identify somatotypes specific for these games. But there are only few studies that have been conducted, and various areas are still waiting to be explored. Study purpose. The present study aimed to identify the specific somatotypes of the kho-kho players. Additionally, this study also made an attempt to explore the important somatic traits that influence the somatotypes of the Kho-Kho players. Materials and methods. A total number of 74 players from six Kho-Kho teams that participated in East Zone Inter-University Tournament were purposively selected for the study. The anthropometric data collection was done according to the standard procedures given by ISAK (International Society for Advancement of Kinanthropometry). The statistical analysis was done by using MS Excel (2021) and SPSS’23. Results. The results of the study showed that most of the Kho-Kho players (90.6%) were possessing ectomorphic and mesomorphic dominant traits. There was also a significant difference found in ectomorphic and mesomorphic traits among the players possessing mesomorphic-ectomorph (p&lt;0.05), ectomorphic-mesomorph (p&lt;0.05) and ectomorph-mesomorph (p&lt;0.05) somatotypes. Furthermore, the discriminant analysis also highlighted that attributes of ectomorphic traits (Discriminant coefficient = 1.168) and mesomorphic traits (Discriminant coefficient = 0.812) were important somatic traits for the Kho-Kho players. Overall, 88.6% of the original cases have been correctly represented by the discriminant analysis. Conclusions. The present study showed that Kho-Kho players for the most part possess the ectomorphic and mesomorphic dominant somatotypes. Furthermore, based on the study results, it can be also concluded that somatic attributes in the similar body types also play important role to determine players’ performance level.

Exploring the Association Between Trunk Asymmetry and Dominance Preference

Background: Trunk asymmetry, an indicator of potential scoliosis, manifests as an uneven distribution in body alignment such as shoulder, head, and hip positions. An individual's inherent preference to use one side of the body over the other, known as laterality, may contribute to such imbalances. This study aimed to explore the correlation between trunk asymmetry and side preference in adults, particularly in relation to hand, foot, ear, and eye dominance. Methodology: In this cross-sectional study, 164 young adults aged 18-25 were screened using the Adam’s forward bend test. Data collection encompassed three phases: demographic and anthropometric data collection (Phase 1), a visual inspection for head tilt, shoulder and pelvic asymmetry, and spinal curvature deviation (Phase 2), and an assessment of side dominance using a 16-item lateral preference inventory questionnaire (Phase 3). Results: Hand dominance correlated significantly with head tilt (p &lt; 0.01), shoulder asymmetry (p &lt; 0.05), and ear asymmetry (83.5% concordance), while foot dominance was associated with pelvic tilt (57.3% concordance). Eye dominance showed a 65.9% concordance with ear asymmetry, and ear dominance was linked to head tilt and shoulder asymmetry (81.7% and 94.5% concordance, respectively). Spinal curve deviation displayed a chi-square value of 3.158 (p &lt; 0.05) with hand dominance and 4.321 (p &lt; 0.05) with foot dominance. Conclusion: The study establishes a significant association between trunk asymmetry and dominance preference. These findings advocate for the integration of laterality assessments in the clinical evaluation of trunk asymmetry to potentially enhance diagnostic accuracy and inform therapeutic approaches.

Changes in Health-Related Quality of Life, Pain and Functional Parameters in People with Hemophilia and People with Osteoarthritis - a Comparative Follow-up of Physiotherapeutic Training (Physio-FUN Study)

Background: Spontaneous joint bleeding is common in people with hemophilia (PWH). These bleeds lead to reduced physical activity and thus to a weakening of the musculature. Common sequelae of this are synovitis and cartilage damage. In the long term, secondary osteoarthritis, so-called hemophilic arthropathy, occurs with changes and progressive destruction of joint structures (Lafeber et al., 2008). Hemophilic arthropathy is age-independent and can lead to severe movement restrictions and significant limitations in health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of affected PWH (Varaklioti et al., 2018). To prevent advanced stages of arthropathy not only regular assessment of musculoskeletal status and early detection of symptoms, but also daily rehabilitation exercises at home, and implementation of appropriate physiotherapy and medical training are important (Bossard et al., 2008). Home exercises and manual therapy can be used without causing bleeding or pain to improve pain, HRQoL and functionality (Tat et al., 2021). The primary aim of the Physio-FUN study was to assess the subjective (Hemophilia Exercise Project Test-Questionnaire [HEP-Test-Q]) and objective physical functioning (Hemophilia Joint Health Score [HJHS]) during the course of 1-year applied physiotherapy comparing PWH with arthropathy and patients with osteoarthritis (PWO). Methods: In this prospevtive, controlled monocentric cohort study it was planned to enroll 20 adult PWH A or B compared to 20 gender-matched adult PWO without a bleeding disorder. Patients with a blood pressure ≥ 180/110 mmHg were excluded. A positive ethical approval for the study was obtained by the Ethics Committee North Rhine, Germany. After informed consent had been obtained, the study participants underwent examinations based on clinician-reported outcomes (ClinRO) and performance outcomes (PerfO) and completed different patient-reported outcomes (PROs). ClinROs included ultrasound, functional movement screen (FMS) and the collection of anthropometric and clinical data; PerfOs included cardiopulmonary performance, 6-minute walk test (6MWT), blood pressure measurement before and after 6MWT, joint mobility (neutral-zero method) and Functional Movement Screen (FMS) to evaluate movement pattern quality; PROs included the assessment of sociodemographic data, HRQoL (SF-12), Physical Activity Questions (EPIC - Simple Index), pain sensation scale (SES) and Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) measuring physical activity intensity level. All patients took part in regular physiotherapy (once a week) at the ARZD as prescribed by a physician. During the study, PWH continued to receive their usual hemophilia treatment regimen without study-related changes. Over a period of 12 months, ClinROs, PerfOs and PROs were collected repeatedly on a quarterly basis. Each patient was supposed to participate in 5 measure points (baseline, every 12 weeks over a one-year period). Ultrasound examinations were performed at baseline and at the conclusion at MZP5 in all patients. Results: At baseline 17 PWH (mean age 43.29±13.1 years) and 12 PWO (mean age 61.42±8.5 years) were enrolled; most PWH had HA (88.2%) were severely affected (58.8%) and 6/17 had a knee endoprosthesis. 88.2% of PWH had a disabled card (most with a disability degree of ≥ 80) compared to 45.5% of PWO (most with a disability degree of 50). PWH had a significant worse orthopaedic joint status ( p&amp;lt;.002) and subjective physical functioning ( p&amp;lt;.001) compared to PWO; PWH had a mean HJHS of 26.76±18.0 vs. 11.0±5.7 and a mean HEP-Test-Q of 48.12±16.4 vs. 67.08±9.1. PWO reported highest impairments in the domain ‘mobility’, while PWH suffered mainly under reduced ‘endurance’. With respect to their age, height and weight most of the PWH were below the predicted lower limit of the 6MWD compared to the PWO who all were above the lower limit of the 6MWD. No difference was found between the groups regarding FMS (11.34±3.8) and RPE before (11.5±3.3) after 6MWT (11.5±3.3). Conclusions: Our study took place during the Corona pandemic and was quite time consuming for the participants, resulting in a failure to reach the desired number of cases and lead to a high drop-out rate over the duration of the project. Although PWH were significantly younger than PWO, they had a significantly worse subjective (HEP-Test-Q) and objective physical functioning (HJHS).

Food price perception, food and beverage marketing and the nutritional status of children 6–24 months in Obunga slums, Kisumu Kenya: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundMalnutrition is a significant problem in Africa. In Kenya, 26% of under-fives are stunted; slums are the hardest hit. Obunga slum has the highest prevalence at 40%.MethodsA cross-sectional study was adopted; simple random sampling techniques were used to identify 189 eligible households in the Obunga slum with children between 6–24 months. An interviewer-administered questionnaire collected data on food price perceptions and food and beverage marketing. An anthropometric data collection form gathered information on the children’s height, weight and age. Scores for stunting, wasting and underweight were generated based on WHO Z-Score cut-off points. Binary logistic regression identified the relationship between food price perceptions, food and beverage marketing and the nutritional status of children between 6–24 months in Obunga slums.ResultsPrevalence of wasting was 3.2%, stunting was 27.0%, underweight was at 7.4%, while overweight was at 13%. Food price perceptions: An increase in fruits prices was significantly associated with wasting (Adjusted O.R. = 10. 82, C.I. = 1.10—106.77, P < 0.05) and underweight (Adjusted O.R. = 5.44, C.I. = 1.35—21.61, P < 0.05). Food & Beverage Marketing: Feeding children on commercially produced complementary food products and commercially produced food was significantly associated with wasting at an (Adjusted O.R. = 7.82, C.I. = 1.29—47.46, p < 0.05, and adjusted O.R. = 5.96, C.I. = 1.06—33.60, p < 0.05) respectively. Stunting was significantly associated with listening/reading or watching advertisements on commercial food products (Crude O.R. = 0.49, C.I. = 0.24—0.998, p < 0.05.). Watching food-related adverts on television (Adjusted O.R. = 0.38 C.I. = 0.146- 0.10) and watching marketing on commercial foods (Adjusted O.R. = 0.21, C.I. = 0.07—0.61) and watching television (Adjusted O.R. = 9.30, C.I. = 2.31—37.40). While watching food-related adverts on television was associated with being underweight (Adjusted O.R. = 18.68 and at C.I. = 1.22—286.89).ConclusionThe price perceptions of fruits, feeding children commercially produced food products and complementary foods, and Watching food-related adverts on television; had an impact on the nutritional status of children. Thus, a longitudinal study would be needed to understand the long-term effect of food prices and food and beverage marketing on nutritional status.

Lessons Learnt from Rapid Implementation of Telehealth in a Paediatric Dietetics’ Outpatient Service: Is There a Silver Lining beyond the Coronavirus Pandemic to Support Patient-Centred Care?

The aim of this paper is to report on the differences in clinical and service engagement outcomes of patients attending the paediatric dietetic outpatient service at a major metropolitan hospital before the outbreak of the coronavirus (using face-to-face care) and during the pandemic (using telehealth). This paper also reports on learning lessons from the rapid implementation of telehealth in this service. This study collected pre- and post-coronavirus pandemic data from 44 paediatric patients. Data on outcomes pre- and post-implementation were analysed. There were no statistically significant differences between pre- and post-coronavirus data for growth (p = 0.92), adherence to dietetic recommendations (p = 0.08) or attendance rate (p = 1.00). This study also found a low uptake of virtual telehealth, technical issues and suboptimal anthropometric data collection associated with this modality of care. Telehealth was not associated with a change in clinical and service engagement outcomes. Thus, telehealth service delivery is not inferior to usual face–face dietetic care and has the potential to be a useful adjunct to usual nutrition care for paediatric health service users after the coronavirus pandemic.

Correlations between Nutritional Status and Quality of Life of People with Parkinson's Disease.

To evaluate the correlation between anthropometric variables and the QoL of people with Parkinson's disease (PD). This is a cross-sectional, descriptive, and analytical study, carried out through the collection of anthropometric data and application of the Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire PDQ-39. 33 individuals (23 male) diagnosed with PD participated in the research, with a mean age of 58.9 ± 11.6 years. We observed overweight in 45.4% of participants. The perception of QoL showed lower scores for the subjects in the dimensions of body discomfort (75.3 ± 16.6), social support (62.7 ± 15.7), and mobility (61.0 ± 23.6). The correlation between the total QoL score and age (model 1, B = 0.347; CI 0.004-0.902; p = 0.048), which remained statistically significant in the multiple linear regression, regardless of gender (model 2, B = 0.365; CI 0.016-0.937; p = 0.043) and BMI (model 3, B = 0.363; CI 0.006-0.943; p = 0.047), suggests that, in the participants of this study, this relationship does not depend on gender and nutritional status. The perception of QoL was worse in the dimensions of body discomfort, social support, and mobility, worsening with advanced age. Correlations between the worst scores in QoL dimensions and nutritional status were observed. A positive correlation was also identified between age and overall PDQ-39 score, regardless of gender and nutritional status.

#4964 ASSOCIATION OF DIETARY INTAKE WITH SERUM LEVELS OF PHOSPHORUS AND POTASSIUM IN THE ELDERLY HEMODIALYSIS PATIENTS IN KOREA

Abstract Background and Aims Dietary management of elderly (&amp;gt;60 years old) hemodialysis(HD) patients is very important for solving health problems and improving quality of life. Hyperphosphatemia and hyperkalemia in elderly HD patients are closely related to intake of dietary phosphorus and potassium from Koreans’ unique eating patterns. It is very difficult to manage the diet of hemodialysis patients due to the unique eating patterns of elderly Koreans. In the daily meal pattern, sodium and potassium contents are high in grain-based foods, soups, stews, and seasoned vegetables. And, there are various recipes for meals using a range of condiments, which increase serum phosphorus level. For this reason, it is necessary to educate dietary management using real-time Apps for the elderly in Korea. This study was designed to provide the base data for the development of a self-dietary management App for Korean elderly HD patients. Method This study was conducted on 237 elderly HD patients (149 males and 88 females) at nationwide 18 university hospitals. We collected anthropometric data, biochemical parameters, and dietary data of the subjects. Dietary data for usual intake were obtained by use of a food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ) consisting of 23 food meal items based on the Korean usual diets. For this dietary status evaluation, a newly constructed potassium and phosphorus content DB was used. Results The average age of the patients was 69.7± 11.6 years for men and 69.2±6.9 years for women and the duration of HD was 5.4 ± 4.9 years for men and 5.5±4.2 for women. The mean body mass index (BMI) was 23.24 ± 2.99 kg/m2, mean serum phosphorus level was 5.03 ± 9.59 mg/dl, and mean serum potassium level was 5.41 ± 8.58 mEqL. Hyperphosphatemia (&amp;gt; 4.5 mg/dl) was found in 45.8% of the subjects, and hyperkalemia(&amp;gt; 5.0 mEq/L) in 35.4%. Energy and protein were significantly lower than recommended intakes of HD patients(P = .027, P = .015). Lower intake of energy and protein was more significant in women. The intake of sodium and potassium was significantly higher than recommendation(P = .014, P = .021), which was more excessive in men. Serum phosphorus levels showed positive correlation with intake frequency of mixed grains rice (P = .011), noodle without broth(P = .000), vegetable soup(P = .039), and roasted beef(P = .047) in male patients. In case of female patients, intake of sweet potatoes was correlated with hyperphosphatemia (P = .047). Serum potassium levels showed a positive correlation with intake of Kimchi(P = .000), noodle without broth(P = .000), and ham(P = .018) in men. In women, sweet potatoes(P = .027) and medium-potassium fruits(P = .047) were correlated with serum potassium level. On the other hand, intake of white rice showed negative correlation with serum potassium levels(P = .037) in both sex. Conclusion Dietary management along with medical treatment is essential for maintaining serum phosphorus and potassium levels within acceptable ranges because the composition of the daily routine diet is very unique and varies in Korea. The results of this study showed that the intake of white rice rather than mixed grains is an important factor in sustaining normal serum phosphorus and potassium levels in the elderly Korean HD patients. In addition, limiting intake of sweet potatoes, medium and high potassium vegetables &amp; fruits to under three servings per week is recommended. Therefore, customized dietary management needs to be regulated according to each individual's dietary pattern for the Korean elderly HD patients. Major variables found in this study can be used in the development of new App for customized self-dietary management.

Parametric topology optimization approach for sustainable development of customized orthotic appliances using additive manufacturing

The rapidly growing applications of additive manufacturing (AM) are transforming the scenario of the medical industry for sustainably availing customized orthotic products. The adaptive interlinking attribute of 3D printing enables it to replicate the optimization results of a trauma-based anatomical problem, designed and solved with artificial intelligence (AI) for structural mechanics. In the present hybrid approach, the potential of simulation engineering has been used to solve the physics of a mallet trauma transforming existing geometry into an efficacious splint design capable of delivering improved recovery outcomes. The physical measurements have been precisely converted into a customized orthosis, by executing 3D scanning and printing over the optimized parameters availed by data analysis coupled with artificial intelligence of statistical tools. The topological simulation-predicted design was processed for creating the tailored 3D printed mallet splint with a prediction accuracy of 98.49%, availing 42.6% (weight 2.87 gm for 58.28% mass splint) lighter orthosis than the original (weight 5 gm for 100% mass splint) that provides effective ventilation with 149.19% greater heat dissipation. The noninvasive interaction for anthropometric data collection and appealing custom appliances fabricated with bio-sourced materials can trigger faster psychological and physiological healing in patients. The results recorded with an implemented hybrid approach can change the perspective of medical professionals for adopting the AM fused with simulation engineering, as a sustainable alternative to traditional services. The biocompatibility of 3D printed orthotic products facilitates the removal of the excess burden of medical waste and thus the applications of the adopted approach can be practiced for providing sustainable responses to other medical branches like podiatry, dentistry, orthopedics, rheumatology and neuropathy.

Stature estimation in Ancient Greece: population-specific equations and secular trends from 9000 BC to 900 AD

Stature is critical for our understanding of human morphology and evolution. This necessitates the development of accurate stature estimation methods. The aim of the present study is to generate population-specific equations for ancient Greece and to explore the diachronic stature trends over the last 10,000 years. In parallel, it introduces the Logarithmic Human Stature Index (LHSI) as a new tool for inter-population comparisons. We collected anthropometric data and reconstructed stature using the anatomical method from 77 males and 59 females from Greece (3rd c. BC–9th c. AD). We utilized this dataset to generate population-specific equations. We then applied the new formula to 775 individuals (10th millennium BC–9th c. AD) from Greece exploring stature secular trends. We tested the new equations to different populations of European origin (662 males and 498 females). Ordinary least square sets based on lower limbs provided the best estimations with the smaller errors. Male and female stature in ancient Greece in the last 10,000 years ranged from 159.7 to 170.6 cm and from 153.1 to 160.4 cm, respectively. We observed a decrease from the Mesolithic to the Neolithic period, a gradual increase from the Bronze Age to the Archaic/Classical periods, and a steady increase from the Roman period onwards. Stature secular trends in Greece are in accordance with historic, archaeological, and genomic data and similar to European patterns. LHSI is a valuable tool for anthropometric comparisons between reference series and thus can contribute to the choice of the optimal stature estimation formula.

Household and Community Factors Affecting Nutritional Status of Under-five Children (6-59 months) in Gairo District Using Composite Index of Anthropometric Failure

In Tanzania, where the majority of under-five children are affected, undernutrition is still a significant public health concern. The study aimed at assessing the prevalence of undernutrition and its determinants among under-five children in Gairo District using a Composite Index of Anthropometric Failure (CIAF). A household-based cross-sectional study was employed involving 300 under-five children with their mothers/caregivers in three wards in the Gairo District. Data collection on socio-demographics, dietary diversity, and healthcare factors were collected by interviewer-based semi-structured questionnaires. Anthropometric measurements using standard procedures were performed to collect anthropometric data. Odds ratios with a 95% confidence interval and p-value ≤ 0.05 were used to identify determinants of undernutrition. Prevalence of undernutrition using CIAF was 57.3%, whereby children with single failure were 105 (61%), double failures were 62 (36%) and triple failures were 5 (2.9%). Factors that were significantly associated with undernutrition were the nearest health facility (p = 0.014; OR: 0.504 (0.291-0.873)), place of delivery (p = 0.000; OR: 0.717 (0.107-0.490)), source of drinking water (p = 0.001; OR: 0.452 (0.283-0.722)), type of latrine (p = 0.000; OR: 21.338 (9.807-46.427)), household solid waste disposal method (p = 0.012; OR: 1.806 (0.682-1.964)), birth weight (p = 0.000; OR: 5.400 (2.625-11.109) and marital status (p = 0.00; OR: 0.403 (0.240-0.676)). Therefore, nutrition intervention efforts should be given to the factors reported to positively affect undernutrition.&#x0D; Keywords: Undernutrition, factors, Gairo, under-five, CIAF

Metabolic Syndrome-Related Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behavior among Indigenous Communities in Taiwan: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Metabolic syndrome is characterized by cardiovascular and chronic disease risk factors that cause health problems. Inequalities in medical resources and information present a challenge in this context. Indigenous communities may be unaware of their risk for metabolic syndrome. This study explored factors associated with metabolic syndrome-related knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors among Taiwanese indigenous communities. For this descriptive cross-sectional survey, we collected anthropometric data and used a self-administered questionnaire between 1 July 2016, to 31 July 2017, from a convenience sample of an indigenous tribe in eastern Taiwan. The response rate was 92%. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was as high as 71%, and the average correct knowledge rate was 39.1%. The participants' self-management attitudes were mainly negative, and the self-management behaviors were low in this population. Stepwise regression analysis showed that knowledge, attitude, age, perception of physical condition, and body mass index, which accounted for 65% of the total variance, were the most predictive variables for self-management behaviors. This is the first study to report the relationship between metabolic syndrome knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors in an indigenous population. There is an urgent need to develop safety-based MetS health education programs that can provide access to the right information and enhance self-management approaches to lessen the growing burden of MetS in indigenous communities.

S-43-4: CENTRAL ADIPOSITY IN CHILDHOOD INCREASES THE LIKELIHOOD OF EARLY VASCULAR AGING

Objective: Arterial stiffness, measured by pulse wave velocity (PWV), is a central component of early vascular aging (EVA) and has been associated with obesity and hypertension. However, the association between overweight/obesity and arterial stiffness is controversial in the general population, with less known in children from South Africa. We aimed to determine whether overweight/obesity increases the likelihood of EVA in South African school-aged children. Design and method: A total of 994 children (aged 5–9 years) were included in this study. Groups were stratified according to body composition (low-normal weight, overweight and obesity) and EVA (lower 75th (n = 725) and upper 25th (n = 269) percentiles of PWV) categories. We collected anthropometric data and conducted arterial pulse wave analysis. Results: Body mass index z-score (BMI-z) was higher in the upper versus the lower PWV group (p &lt; 0.001). A higher percentage of overweight (23.8% vs 11.2%; p &lt; 0.001) and obese (7.8% vs 3.0%; p &lt; 0.001) participants were in the upper compared to the lower PWV group. In stepwise regression analysis, PWV showed a modest association with waist circumference (β=0.02; p = 0.044) in the upper PWV group only, but not with BMI-z (β=0.02; p = 0.065) and waist/height ratio (β=0.01; p = 0.085). In the lower PWV group, white ethnicity (β=0.07; p &lt; 0.001) and higher age (β=0.02; p≦0.009) were contributors of PWV. Conclusions: In conclusion, higher adiposity (BMI-z and waist circumference) increased the odds of being in the upper PWV group, but only waist circumference remained the predictor of increased PWV in independent analysis. These findings suggest that central adiposity especially contributes to the development of increased arterial stiffness in South African school-aged children.